These committees also warn that the Apgar score should not be used as the only measure to evaluate the possibility that neurological damage occurred during the birthing process. One of the aims of the scientific approach the use of empirical evidence to make forecasts about how variables of interest will behave in a new setting and with different individuals.Ī bond or a connection between two or more variables.Ī characteristic or attribute of a person or object that varies (i.e., takes on different values) within the population under study (e.g., body temperature, age, heart rate).Īccording to the American Academy of Pediatrics' Committee on Fetus and Newborn and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Obstetric Practice (1996), the Apgar score should be used to assess the condition of an infant at birth. The entire set of individuals (or objects) having some common characteristic(s) (e.g., all RNs in the state of California) sometimes referred to as a universe. Please see Table 2 for clarification of selected research terms.Ī relationship between two variables such that the presence or absence of one variable (the “cause”) determines the presence or absence, or value, of the other (the “effect”).Ī tendency for variation in one variable to be related to variation in another variable.Įvidence that is rooted in objective reality and gathered through the collection of data using one's senses used as the basis for generating knowledge through the scientific approach. Not only is this inappropriate use of the Apgar score, there is also little scientific evidence to support its use in predicting long-term outcomes. The aim was not to demonstrate that low Apgar scores caused or predicted these conditions however, some individuals have incorrectly interpreted the research as stating low Apgar scores could predict or actually caused certain behaviors or deficits. Research in this area has focused on establishing a correlation between these outcomes and an individual's Apgar scores. Causality has been neither established nor a goal of the currently reported research in this area. However, individuals have misinterpreted this research and, in some instances, attempted to apply causality (i.e., that low Apgar scores caused later delinquency or poor neurological outcomes). In recent years, many researchers have attempted to correlate Apgar scores with various outcomes including development ( Behnke et al., 1989 Blackman, 1988 Riehn, Petzold, Kuhlisch, & Distler, 1998), later delinquency ( Gibson & Tibbetts, 1998), intelligence ( Nelson & Ellenberg, 1981), and neurological development ( Sommerfelt, Pedersen, Ellertsen, & Markestad, 1996 Wolf, M., Beunen, Casaer, & Wolf, B., 1998 Wolf, M., Beunen, Casaer, & Wolf, B., 1997 Wolf, M., Wolf, B., Bijleveld, Beunen, & Casaer, 1997) for the purposes of research.
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